Dual mechanisms for ethanol-induced inhibition of monocyte chemotactic protein-3 mRNA expression in activated glial cells.

The differential display of mRNA technique was used to screen the expressed genes in control and 50 mM chronic ethanol-treated rat C6 glial cells, with and without activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). One differentially expressed transcript was identified as that corresponding to the chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-3. MCP-3 is a broadly active chemokine that functions in chemoattraction and activation of monocytes, T lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. Steady-state MCP-3 mRNA levels were elevated 6-fold after 24-h stimulation of control cells but less than 3-fold after stimulation of 9-day chronic ethanol-exposed cells. One- and 5-day exposures to 50 mM ethanol were not effective at reducing steady-state MCP-3 mRNA levels in stimulated cells, whereas 1-day exposure to >150 mM ethanol was effective. Stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha elevated MCP-3 mRNA in C6 glial cells to a lesser extent than with LPS plus PMA, but the effects of ethanol were consistent. To gain insight into possible mechanisms for ethanol-induced reductions in steady-state MCP-3 mRNA, additional studies examined nuclear MCP-3 RNA levels and MCP-3 mRNA degradation. MCP-3 RNA content was greatly reduced in isolated nuclei from acute and chronic ethanol-exposed cells, suggesting transcriptional inhibition. On the other hand, acute ethanol exposure enhanced degradation of preexisting MCP-3 mRNA, indicating message destabilization. Thus, the results are consistent with a dual mechanism for ethanol-induced reductions in steady-state MCP-3 mRNA levels.